Placed directly after the quote or paraphrase within the body of the research paperĮxample: Contrary to what most people think, “…evolution isn’t about advancement it’s about survival” (Ackerman, 2016, p. Used to cite a direct line of text or paraphraseĪuthor-date form of citation within the body of the research paperįound at the bottom of the page where the work is cited within the body of the research paper Used in notes and bibliography style of Chicago Here’s a quick comparison chart: Parenthetical Citations Here’s a table of contents for this guide:

If you’re unsure what format to use for your research paper, ask your instructor. Footnotes are often used in Chicago format citations and other styles as well.

Parenthetical citations are often used in MLA format, APA format, and many other styles. Their goal is to direct readers to information about the sources used in your research project. Parenthetical citations and footnotes are two different types of citations used in the body of research projects.

Footnote citations